Gunawardena and Zittle's results indicated that participants who felt a higher sense of social presence within the conference enhanced their socio-emotional experience by using emoticons to express missing nonverbal cues in written form. Therefore, "Instructors who are accustomed to relying on nonverbal cues to provide feedback and who have a lesser-developed ability to project their personality will need to learn to adapt to the CMC (computer mediated communication) medium by developing skills that create a sense of social presence."